Thallium

Thallium (Tl) is a chemical element with atomic number 81 and symbol Tl in the periodic table of elements. It belongs to post-transition metals and is a soft, silvery-white metal. Thallium has a low density and low melting point. The density of thallium is about 11.85 g/cm3, and the melting point is about 303.5 °C.

It has a high reactivity and reacts easily with oxygen, water and most inorganic compounds. Thallium is widely used in electronics, in glass production, in photography and in some medical procedures.

One of the most well-known isotopes of thallium is thallium-201, which is used in nuclear medicine for the diagnosis of heart diseases. Thallium is used in semiconductor materials such as thallium sulfides to create infrared detectors and optical devices. In addition, thallium is added to glass to change its optical properties, such as transparency and refractive index. Some photosensitive materials contain thallium, which helps capture images. The isotope thallium-201 is used in nuclear medicine for the diagnosis of heart diseases. It is injected into the patient’s body and used to obtain images of the heart using special equipment.

Gallium

Gallium (Ga) is a chemical element with atomic number 31 and symbol Ga. It is a soft, silvery-white metal that has a low melting point and a high boiling point. Gallium has good electrical conductivity and its properties can be adjusted by adding various impurities.

One of the main applications of gallium is in the production of semiconductor materials such as gallium arsenide and gallium nitride. It is also used in the production of lasers, LEDs and solar panels.

Gallium has no significant toxic effect on the human body and is therefore widely used in medicine. It is used in some medications to treat cancer and other diseases.

Gallium is also used in the space industry, in the production of alloys and in other industries. It can also be used in aerospace engineering, due to its low melting point, which is about 29.8°C.

In general, gallium is an important element that has a wide range of applications in various industries and science. Its properties make it a valuable material for various technological processes.

Indium

Indium is a chemical element with the atomic number 49 and the symbol In. It is a soft, silvery-white metal with a low melting point and a high boiling point. The melting point of indium is about 156.6 degrees Celsius, and its density is approximately 7.31 g/cm3. Indium has good electrical conductivity and its properties can be adjusted by adding various impurities.

One of the main applications of indium is in the production of semiconductor materials such as indium rosin and indium oxide. It is also used in the production of mirror coatings, in laser technology and in other electronic devices.

Indium is also used in medicine, especially in radiology. It is used for the production of radiopharmaceuticals, which are used for the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases.

In addition, indium is used in the production of alloys such as bronze and alloys with a low melting point. It can also be used in the aerospace industry and in other industries where a material with high electrical conductivity and stability is required.

Germanium

Germanium is a semi-metal, that is, it has the properties of both a metal and a non-metal. It has a silvery-white color and a shiny surface. Germanium has a low melting point and a high density. The melting point of germanium is about 938 degrees Celsius, and its density is approximately 5,323 g /cm3.

It conducts electricity and heat well, which makes it a useful material for the production of semiconductor devices such as transistors and diodes. Germanium is also used in the production of optical fibers and lasers.

One of the most well-known applications of germanium is its use in solar panels. Germanium has a high efficiency of converting solar energy into electricity, so it is widely used in solar panels.

In medicine, germanium is used in X-ray diagnostics. It is added to the composition of special alloys that are used to create X-ray contrast media. These tools allow you to get clearer and brighter images during X-ray examinations.

Germanium can also be used in the production of alloys with other metals to improve their properties. For example, germanium alloys with silver are used to create jewelry, such as rings and bracelets, due to their strength and luster.

Selenium

Selenium is a chemical element with atomic number 34 and the designation Se. It belongs to the chalcogen group and is located in the periodic table between tellurium and bromine. Selenium is a semi-metal, which means that it has the properties of both a metal and a non-metal.
Selenium has a gray metallic luster and can be found in nature in the form of minerals such as selenite and selenium silver. The melting point of selenium is about 221 degrees Celsius, and its density is approximately 4.81 g / cm3. Selenium is also known for its toxic properties in large doses, so its use requires caution.

Selenium is used in the production of photosensitive devices such as photodiodes and phototransistors. It is also used in the production of solar panels, semiconductor devices and other electronic components.

Selenium is an important trace element for the human body and plays a role in various biochemical processes. It is used as a food supplement and dietary supplements, as well as in medicines and preparations for the treatment of certain diseases.

Selenium is added to the composition of glass and ceramics to give them certain properties, such as transparency, resistance to high temperatures and chemical resistance.

Selenium is also used in nanotechnology, where its semiconductor properties are used to create new materials and devices with improved electrical and optical properties.

Tellurium

Tellurium (Te) has the atomic number 52 and belongs to group 16 of the periodic system of elements. Tellurium is a semiconductor and has metallic properties. Tellurium has a silvery-white color and is a fragile material. The melting point of tellurium is about 449 degrees Celsius, and its density at room temperature is about 6.24 g/cm3.

One of the most well-known applications of tellurium is its use in the production of thermoelectric devices. Tellurium has the property of converting thermal energy into electrical energy and vice versa, which makes it useful for creating devices such as thermoelectric generators and coolers.

Tellurium is also used in the manufacture of glass and ceramics, where it gives them certain optical properties, such as color change or transparency. It can also be used in the production of solar panels and other electronic components.

In medicine, tellurium can be used in the form of radiopharmaceuticals for the diagnosis and treatment of certain diseases, such as cancer.

Tellurium also has applications in some chemical processes, including the production of solvents, catalysts and other chemical compounds.

It is important to note that tellurium is toxic in large doses and can cause serious health problems.

Rhenium

Rhenium (Re) is a metallic chemical element with atomic number 75 and symbol Re. It belongs to the platinum group and is one of the densest elements, with a density of about 21.02 g/cm3 at room temperature.

The melting point of rhenium is about 3186 degrees Celsius, which makes it one of the most high-temperature melting metals. It has high thermal conductivity and stability at high temperatures.

Rhenium has a silvery-white color and a shiny surface. It has chemical inertia, is resistant to corrosion and oxidation by air. Rhenium is also highly resistant to acids and alkalis.
Rhenium is used in the production of catalysts for various chemical processes such as hydrogenation and oxidation.
Rhenium is used in the production of electrodes for electrochemical processes such as electrolysis and electrodeposition.

Due to its high thermal conductivity and stability at high temperatures, rhenium is used in the production of vacuum and high-temperature furnaces.
Rhenium is needed in some medical devices, such as X-ray tubes and radioactive sources for cancer treatment.
Rhenium is used in some types of incandescent lamps, such as halogen lamps, due to its high melting point and stability at high temperatures, as well as in the production of conductors and contacts for semiconductor devices.