Zirconium
Zirconium (Zr) is a chemical element with atomic number 40 and symbol Zr. It is a silver-gray metal with high strength and corrosion resistance. The density of zirconium is about 6.5 g/cm3, which makes it one of the densest metals.
Zirconium has a high melting point, which is about 1852 °C. It also has low thermal and electrical conductivity, which makes it a good insulator. Zirconium also has a high resistance to corrosion and oxidation, which makes it an excellent material for use in high temperatures and aggressive environments.
Zirconium is used for the manufacture of rocket and satellite components, such as nozzles and shells, and in nuclear power for the manufacture of reactor shells and fuel cells.
Zirconium is in demand for the creation of catalytic systems that are used in chemical processes, such as the production of plastics and the synthesis of organic compounds.
Also, two more areas of application of zirconium are medicine (dental implants) and jewelry.
Titanium
Titanium (Ti) is a chemical element with atomic number 22 and symbol Ti. It is a silver-gray metal that has a low density and high strength. The density of titanium is about 4.5 g/cm3, the melting point of t is about 1668 °C. Titanium is one of the most durable and light metals, which makes it ideal for use in various industries.
Titanium is widely used in the manufacture of aircraft, satellites and rocket engines due to its lightness and strength. It is also resistant to high temperatures and corrosion, making it an ideal material for use in aerospace applications.
Titanium is a biocompatible material, so it is widely used in medical implants such as dental implants, artificial joints and bone plates. It is also used in dentistry to create crowns and bridges.
Titanium is used in the production of chemical reactors and tanks due to its high corrosion resistance. It is resistant to aggressive chemical environments such as acids and alkalis.
Titanium is in demand in the automotive industry to create lightweight and durable car parts, such as frames and engines. It helps to reduce the weight of cars, which contributes to improved fuel efficiency and performance.
Hafnium
Hafnium (Hf) is a chemical element with atomic number 72 and symbol Hf. It is a silvery-white metal that has a high density and refractoriness. Hafnium has high corrosion resistance and chemical inertness, which makes it useful in many industries.
Hafnium also has a high density and is one of the heaviest elements. Because of this characteristic, hafnium is used in the aerospace industry to create components that need to be lightweight and durable, such as turbine blades and rocket engine shells.
Hafnium is also widely used in nuclear power for the manufacture of reactor shells and other components, as it has a high resistance to radiation.
In the chemical industry, hafnium is used to create catalysts that are used in chemical processes such as the production of plastics and the synthesis of organic compounds.
Hafnium is also used in medicine. It is used to create implants and prostheses, as it has biological compatibility and high strength.
In addition, hafnium is used in the production of alloys with other metals, such as nickel and titanium, to improve their strength and corrosion resistance.
Vanadium
Vanadium (V) is a gray metal with a shiny surface. It belongs to the group of transition metals and has the atomic number 23 in the periodic table of elements. The density of vanadium is about 6.11 g/cm3, and its melting point is about 1910 degrees Celsius. Vanadium also has good chemical resistance. It does not react with water, acids or alkalis under normal conditions. This makes it a useful material for the chemical industry, where corrosion resistance is required.
Vanadium is used in the production of steel to improve its mechanical properties. Vanadium steel has high strength, hardness and corrosion resistance, so it is widely used in the construction of buildings, bridges, cars and other structures.
Vanadium is used for the production of high-strength and light alloys, which are used in the aviation and space industries. These alloys have high strength at high temperatures and can withstand extreme conditions.
Vanadium is in demand in the production of electronic components, as well as in some types of batteries, such as vanadium dyes-sensitive solar cells and vanadium batteries with liquid electrolyte.
Niobium
Niobium (Nb) is a chemical element with atomic number 41 and symbol Nb. It is a silver-gray metal that has high temperature resistance, strength and corrosion resistance. The density of niobium is about 8.57 g/cm3. The melting point of niobium is about 2,468 degrees Celsius.
Niobium is used in the production of shells for nuclear fuel cells. It has high temperature resistance and radiation resistance, which makes it a suitable material for use in nuclear reactors.
Niobium has potential applications in medicine, including use in implants and prostheses. It has biocompatibility and the ability to stimulate bone growth, which makes it useful in surgery and dentistry.
Niobium is used in the production of electronic components, such as capacitors and transistors, and in the production of superconductors, which are used in the energy industry. Niobium-based superconductors have high electrical conductivity and can be used to transmit electricity without loss.
Tantalum
Tantalum (Ta) is a metal, a chemical element from the group of transition metals. It has a silver-gray color and high density. The density of tantalum is about 16.6 g/cm3. The melting point of tantalum is about 3,017 degrees Celsius. Tantalum is one of the most corrosion-resistant metals, which makes it very valuable in various industrial applications.
Tantalum is applied in the production of electrolytic capacitors. These capacitors have high capacitance and stability, which makes them ideal for use in mobile devices, computers, telecommunications equipment and other electronic devices.
Tantalum is in demand in the production of catalysts and reactors, which are used in the chemical industry for various chemical processes.
Tantalum is used in the production of data storage devices such as hard drives and flash memory. It has a high density and stability, which allows you to store a large amount of information in a small space.
Molybdenum
Molybdenum (Mo) is a chemical element with atomic number 42 and symbol Mo. It is a silver-gray metal with a high density and melting point, which makes it one of the most refractory elements. The density of molybdenum is about 10.28 g/cm3. The melting point of molybdenum is about 2,623 degrees Celsius.
Molybdenum is commonly used as an alloying agent in steel production. It improves the strength, hardness, and corrosion resistance of steel. Molybdenum alloys are used in the construction of pipelines, automobile parts, and structural components.
Molybdenum has a high melting point, making it suitable for use in high-temperature applications. It is used in the production of heating elements, furnace components, and electrodes for electrically heated glass melting furnaces.
Molybdenum compounds are widely used as catalysts in various chemical reactions and in the production of thin films for electronic and semiconductor devices, for example, in transistors, diodes, and integrated circuits.
Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is a solid lubricant that can withstand high temperatures and extreme pressures. It is used in various applications where conventional lubricants fail, such as in aerospace, automotive, and industrial machinery.
Molybdenum is applied in nuclear reactors as a structural material and as a neutron absorber and its alloys are in demand in aerospace industry for their high strength-to-weight ratio.
Tungsten
Tungsten (W) is a chemical element with atomic number 74 in the periodic table. It is a gray metal with a shiny surface. Tungsten has a high hardness, strength and density, which makes it one of the most durable and heavy elements. The density of tungsten is about 19.3 g/cm3, the melting point of tungsten is about 3,422 °C.
Tungsten is widely used in the production of welding electrodes due to its high melting point and excellent electrical conductivity. It is ideal for welding applications that require high heat resistance and durability.
Tungsten alloys, such as tungsten carbides and tungsten heavy alloys, are commonly applied in the production of cutting tools, drill bits, and wear-resistant parts. These alloys exhibit high hardness, strength, and resistance to wear, making them ideal for demanding applications.
Tungsten’s high density makes it an excellent material for radiation shielding in nuclear reactors and medical equipment. It effectively absorbs and blocks harmful radiation, protecting workers and patients.
Tungsten is used in various aerospace and defense applications, including missile components, armor-piercing ammunition, and counterweights for aircraft control surfaces. Its high density and strength make it valuable in these demanding environments.